Judicial Structure

Lastly, the Judicial Branch of the federal government is defined under Article III of the U.S. Constitution. It is composed of the Supreme Court, and of a number of inferior federal courts (established by federal law). The Supreme Court is currently made up of nine members (though Congress may adjust its size), which were nominated by the President and approved with a two thirds vote of the Senate. All other federal judges are also chosen in the same fashion. Beneath the Supreme Court, there are 12 regional courts of appeal, exercising jurisdiction over various regions, with a federal Court of Appeal handling cases specifically and uniquely related to the federal government. Under the Courts of Appeals, there are 94 federal district courts, which are trial courts that originally hear federal cases. There is at least one district court in each state.

The United States is itself divided into 50 states (similar to provinces), and a number of territories. Each state has executive, legislative, and judicial branches, although they vary in form and title. Each one of them, however, is based on a republican form of government with democratically elected leaders and individual constitutions, all unique and distinct. The executives of each state, known as governors, serve for different lengths of time, and each governor is responsible for enforcing state laws within their respective states. Every state has a bicameral legislature (except Nebraska, which has only one house) responsible for passing and enacting state laws. State court systems differ, but generally have trial courts, appeals courts, and courts of last resort (sometimes referred to as Supreme Courts).